Visual inspection of the performance times at the London 2012 Summer Olympics ( ) suggested that more than 70 events met our definition of endurance performance. marathons, triathlons, ultra-marathons) are most often associated with endurance, other endurance sports could include rowing, canoeing, cross-country skiing and speed skating. Although single or combined running, cycling and swimming events (e.g. For the purpose of this review, endurance performance is defined as performance during whole-body, dynamic exercise that involves continuous effort and lasts for 75 s or longer (see next paragraph). Implications for theoretical explanations for endurance performance and evidence-based practice are described.Ī systematic literature review was conducted to identify practical psychological interventions that improve endurance performance and to identify additional psychological factors that affect endurance performance. Future research should include psychological mediating variables and moderating variables. Researchers are also encouraged to explore additional psychological factors that could have a negative effect on endurance performance. Researchers are encouraged to compare different practical psychological interventions, to examine the effects of these interventions for athletes in competition and to include a placebo control condition or an alternative control treatment. Psychological skills training could benefit an endurance athlete. Interventions that influenced perception of effort consistently affected endurance performance. The results also demonstrated that mental fatigue undermines endurance performance, and verbal encouragement and head-to-head competition can have a beneficial effect. ResultsĬonsistent support was found for using imagery, self-talk and goal setting to improve endurance performance, but it is unclear whether learning multiple psychological skills is more beneficial than learning one psychological skill. Peer-reviewed studies were included when they chose an experimental or quasi-experimental research design a psychological manipulation endurance performance as the dependent variable and athletes or physically active, healthy adults as participants. MethodsĮlectronic databases, forward-citation searches and manual searches of reference lists were used to locate relevant studies. Additional objectives were to evaluate the research practices of the included studies, to suggest theoretical and applied implications, and to guide future research. ObjectiveĪ systematic literature review was conducted to identify practical psychological interventions that improve endurance performance and to identify additional psychological factors that affect endurance performance. No literature reviews have systematically identified and evaluated research on the psychological determinants of endurance performance, and sport psychology performance enhancement guidelines for endurance sports are not founded on a systematic appraisal of endurance-specific research.
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